Here 2 centuries of UK, USA and Australian official death statistics show conclusively and scientifically modern medicine is not responsible for and played little part in substantially improved life expectancy and survival from disease in western economies. 

A detailed Contents listing of this article with each category of disease and related graphs appears after the Introduction.

Introduction

The main advances in combating disease over 200 years have been better food and clean drinking water.  Improved sanitation, less overcrowded and better living conditions also contribute. This is also borne out in published peer reviewed research:

• “The questionable contribution of medical measures to the decline of...“. McKinlay JB, McKinlay SM, Milbank Mem Fund Q Health Soc. 1977 Summer; 55(3): 405-28.

• “Symposium: Accomplishments in Child Nutrition during the 20th Centu...” Myron E. Wegman School of Public Health, University of Michigan: J. Nutr. 131: 401S–408S, 2001.

In addition to the extensive static graphs below, the following superb BBC FOUR broadcast by Professor Hans Rosling shows how health improved in step with wealth over the last 200 years “200 countries over 200 years using 120,000 numbers – in just four minutes“:

Measles mortality graphs are enlightening [more below] and contradict the claims of Government health officials that vaccines have saved millions of lives.  It is an unscientific claim which the data show is untrue. Here you will also learn why vaccinations like mumps and rubella for children are medically unethical and can expose medical professionals to liability for criminal proceedings and civil damages for administering them.

The success of the City of Leicester, England was remarkable in reducing smallpox mortality substantially compared to the rest of England and other countries by abandoning vaccination between 1882 and 1908 [see more below].

This contrasts how the drug industry has turned each child in the world into a human pin-cushion profit centre.

You might think the following graph is some support for the success of diphtheria vaccination [see blue line]:-

England & Wales Diphtheria Mortality 1901 to 1999

Notice how overall infant mortality was unaffected [green and purple lines].  And two official sources of data have been used to ensure there is no doubt.  Records show most children went unvaccinated until well after the major fall.  At least half the children under 10 years of age had not been vaccinated prior to 1946.  The fall could not be attributable to vaccine “herd immunity” [for diphtheria this is claimed to require 80-85% vaccine coverage: Herd immunity-concepts of control UK Health Protection Agency].

To account for the fall in diphtheria mortality [blue graph line] one must look elsewhere for the cause.

The vaccination campaign was launched at the end of 1940 but got underway in 1941.  By the end of 1941 “36 percent of school age children had been immunised but only about 19 percent of the younger children“: British Journal of Nursing October 1948 p121. It was only after the large fall, that in 1946-47 there was a “catch-up” diphtheria vaccination campaign. 969,000 children under 5 years of age were vaccinated and 272,000 children aged 5-15.  The total of 1,241,000 was nearly one third greater than the total number of children born in the 7 years 1938-1945, [which was 956,724 births]: Recent trends in the incidence of multiple births and associated mo... Archives of Disease in Childhood, 1987, 62, 941-950.

So what could account for this seemingly dramatic fall? The introduction of free school milk [eg. vitamin A etc], subsidised meals and free medical inspections for all children in state education need to be considered as the most likely and most serious contenders in the light of our knowledge about the effect of improved nutrition on health.

So what this also of course means is that health officials promote vaccination against diphtheria when the vaccination appears most unlikely as a cause of the decline in diphtheria.  This also means that medical knowledge about basic diseases is seriously flawed and has not advanced in this respect since at least 1940.  This is an issue of who knows best?  This information suggests doctors and health officials do not seem to know at all.

If you are angry and feel you have been lied to, you are justified.  But there is worse.

Do vaccines cause autistic conditions?  If you read nothing else we strongly recommend you read this: PDF Download – Text of May 5th 2008 email from US HRSA to Sharyl Attkisson of CBS ...].  In it the US Health Resources Services Administration [HRSA] state to CBS News reporter Sharyl Attkisson in response to her question about how many cases had been compensated by the US government in which a vaccine-injured child developed autistic symptoms:

We have compensated cases in which children exhibited an encephalopathy, or general brain disease. Encephalopathy may be accompanied by a medical progression of an array of symptoms including autistic behavior, autism, or seizures.”

Despite all the lies and deceit by health official worldwide, the question “do vaccines cause autism” was answered after the Hannah  Poling story broke in the USA in February 2008 [see CHS article here].  Hannah developed an autistic condition after 9 vaccines administered the same day.  Under the media spotlight numerous US health officials and agencies conceded on broadcast US nationwide TV news from CBS and CNN. Full details with links to the original sources can be found in this CHS article: Vaccination Causes Autism – Say US Government & Merck’s Directo.... [Blue Text added 10 April 2011]

The financial markets have known for 20 years and more the pharmaceutical industry’s blockbuster patented drugs business model would eventualy fail.  We now see the Bill Gates’ type business model emerging – almost everyone has Windows software on their PC – almost everyone will be vax’ed.  Gates quickly became a multi-billionaire.  With vastly more people to vaccinate than computers requiring software the lure of money is many times greater. All this whilst we watch as childhood prevalence of asthma, allergies, autism, diabetes and more have increased exponentially as the vaccines have been introduced.

Can “vaccinatable” diseases “return” despite vaccination?  Yes.  If you are too poorly nourished your body is likely to lack essential nutrients needed to maintain its immune system sufficiently to withstand disease.  This will happen regardless of how many vaccinations you have had.  This was experienced in Eastern Europe following the collapse of the old Soviet Bloc and the economic chaos which ensued, leaving many in great poverty.

For the same reason vaccines do not “work” and “save” lives in impoverished African and other third world economies.  The majority of third world child deaths still occur despite vaccination.  These children need proper food, clean water to drink and wash in and sanitation.  We give them vaccines instead.

These third world children die because we have vaccines.  In the 21st Century, despite all the claims made about modern science, we have no effective treatments for common basic childhood diseases.

It has been estimated vaccines prevent 25% of the deaths of these children, so 75% still die.  If there were effective treatments we could save their lives.

We have no effective treatments because there is no incentive for the drug industry and every incentive for them not to develop them.  The World Health Organisation and our health departments worldwide, in thrall to and under the influence of the drug industry, do nothing about it.

Something could be done. This needs political commitment from western developed nations and the courage to stand up against vested commercial interests to develop effective treatments to save lives – children’s lives.

And when you read the vaccine movement blogs claiming those concerned with vaccine safety are acting out irrational unfounded unscientific fears, remember the highly specific factual referenced reasoned justified information provided on just this one site, among many others.  Also ask yourself, how often do government agencies and officials lie publicly about pretty much anything.  And notice how bloggers attack, disparage, bully abuse and harass those who express concerns about vaccines, leaving government officials and drug industry spokespeople able to hide silently behind the barrages of abuse and misinformation.  Some of these anonymous individuals are commenting full time daily across numerous blogs and news sites across the internet but deny they are paid.  Some appear to be awake 24 hours a day.  Odd that.  One we counted had made 200 comments in 10 days to April 22 2014.  That was on just a selection of sample sites and did not include all that anonymous commenter’s activity.

[ED Note 15 Oct 2009: As information like that here has become available health officials are changing from scaremongering parents into vaccinating with claims their child could die.  Now they claim vaccinating reduces the numbers of cases of disease [ie. instead of deaths] and produce graphs of dramatic falls in reported cases (instead of deaths) when measles vaccine was introduced.

This is again misleading. A dramatic fall in the numbers of reported measles cases would be expected. Doctors substantially overdiagnose measles cases especially when they believe it is a possible diagnosis.Doctors were told the vaccine prevented children getting measles when introduced in the late 1960’s so after that time a substantial reduction in diagnoses would be expected.

Examples of recent overdiagnoses of measles when there are measles “scares” are proportionately up to 74 times (or  7400% overdiagnosed).  Figures and sources follow the next paragraph.

What health officials are also doing is relying on very old and unreliable data which ignores that measles has become progressively milder so the risks of long term injury have diminished – (and death is the most extreme form of long term injury – shown here by official data to have diminished rapidly and substantially over the past 100 years without the risks posed to children’s health by vaccines).

Measles Over Diagnosed – Up to 7400%

A.  Laboratory confirmed cases of measles, mumps, and rubella, England and Wales: October to December 2004

Notified: 474, Tested: 589†, Confirmed cases: 8

RATE OF OVERDIAGNOSIS:- 589/8 = proportionately 7400% or 74 times overdiagnosed

SOURCE: CDR Weekly, Volume 15 Number 12 Published: 24 March 2005

[Note from Source: “†Some oral fluid specimens were submitted early from suspected cases and may not have been subsequently notified, thus the proportion tested is artificially high for this quarter.”]

B.  Total confirmed cases of measles and oral fluid IgM antibody tests in cases notified to ONS*: weeks 40-52/2005

Notified: 408, Tested: 343, Confirmed cases: 22

RATE OF OVERDIAGNOSIS:- 343/22 = proportionately 1560 % or 15.6 times overdiagnosed

SOURCE: CDR Weekly, Volume 16 Number 12 Published on: 23 March 2006

Contents

Scurvy Mortality

Typhoid & Scarlet Fever – Mortality UK, USA & Australia

Measles Mortality UK & USA

Mumps Mortality – England & Wales

Rubella Mortality – England and Wales

Mortality, Life Expectancy, Healthcare Costs UK, USA and Worldwide

Mortality USA and UK

Disease Mortality UK, USA & Australia

Mortality Measles, Scarlet Fever, Whooping Cough, Typhoid, Diphther...

Diphtheria Mortality – England, USA & Australia

Whooping Cough  (Pertussis) Mortality Rates – UK, USA & Australia

Tetanus Mortality – England & Wales 1901 to 1999

Smallpox Mortality – UK, USA & Sweden

Leicester & Smallpox

Extracts From “Leicester: Sanitation Versus Vaccination” by J.T. Bi...

Table 21. – Smallpox Fatality Rates Compared with “Unprotected” Lei...

Table 29. Small-pox Epidemics – Cost and Fatality Rates Compared

To Contents

Scurvy Mortality Rates

To start you with something simple, Scurvy, Typhoid and Scarlet Fever are good examples to use as comparisons with “vaccinatable” diseases.

Medicine and especially drugs and vaccines played no part in the fall in Scurvy death rates and the same can be seen for other diseases. Scurvy is a condition caused by a lack of vitamin C. Poor nutrition, particularly a lack of fresh fruit and vegetables, can result in Scurvy.  Mortality rates fell dramatically as living conditions improved.

 

Typhoid & Scarlet Fever – Mortality UK, USA & Australia

Typhoid and Scarlet Fever vanished without vaccines but with clean water, better nutrition, sanitation and living conditions.

[SOURCE: Data – Official Year Books of the Commonwealth of Australia, as reproduced in Greg Beattie’s book “Vaccination A Parent’s Dilemma“ – Downloadable Now]

[SOURCE: Data – Official Year Books of the Commonwealth of Australia, as reproduced in Greg Beattie’s book “Vaccination A Parent’s Dilemma“ – Downloadable Now]

 

MEASLES MORTALITY UK & USA

By 2007 the chance of anyone in England and Wales dying of measles if no one were vaccinated was less than 1 in 55 million. The chance of being struck by lightning is 30 to 60 times higher: Tornado & Storm Research Organisation

Note that what seem large fluctuations after MMR vaccination was introduced in 1988 are not so large and are a feature of plotting the graph on a logarithmic scale.  This can be seen in the following graph,  plotted on an analog scale.

The graph below is from a peer refereed medical paper: Englehandt SF, Halsey NA, Eddins DL, Hinman AR. Measles mortality i....  The red dotted trendline has been added.  This shows US measles mortality was falling regardless of whether vaccination was used.  By 2010 overall measles mortality in the USA was to fall to around 1 in 25 million without vaccines. As the severity of measles declined, long term complications would also. Whilst people still caught measles it was not the dreaded disease we are told it is today.

The seeming fall in reported ordinary [ie. non fatal] measles cases in the above Halsey graph after 1968 is misleading. Doctors are poor in accuracy of diagnosis and follow fashions.  Official UK records for 2006 show that when doctors are looking for a disease, they overdiagnose suspected measles cases varying by 10 times to 74 times higher than is confirmed by laboratory testing: [74 times overdiagnosed SOURCE: CDR Weekly, Volume 15 Number 12 Published: 24 March 2005], [10 times overdiagnosed, CDR Weekly, PHLS 12:26], [ 15.6 times overdiagnosed, SOURCE: CDR Weekly, Volume 16 Number 12 Published on: 23 March 2006]

Correspondingly, when vaccination was introduced, they will tend to follow the fashion of not diagnosing measles, where they believe it controlled by vaccination. This following of fashions has been seen in other areas, including Coroner diagnoses of causes of death.

[SOURCE: Data – Official Year Books of the Commonwealth of Australia, as reproduced in Greg Beattie’s book “Vaccination A Parent’s Dilemma“ – Downloadable Now]

 

Mumps Mortality – England & Wales

It is not exaggeration but accurate to state that mumps vaccination takes the medical profession firmly into the territory of the criminal law and unethical medical treatment of children.

Providing treatment to a patient that is not clinically needed and misleading patients as to the clinical need for a treatment so as to vitiate their consent can mean the administration of the treatment is a criminal offence:  Appleton v Garrett (1995) 34 BMLR 23.

According to The British Medical Association (‘BMA’) and The Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (RPSGB) mumps vaccination is clinically inappropriate:-

Freedom of Information documents show the UK’s Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation and Ministry of Defence agreed as early as 1974 that:-

“there was no need to introduce routine vaccination against mumps” because “complications from the disease were rare” JCVI minutes 11 Dec 1974.

Doctors and nurses who fail to tell parents mumps vaccine in MMR is clinically unnecessary, of the exact risks of adverse reactions and then give the vaccine appear to be behaving unethically, potentially in contravention of the criminal law and liable to civil proceedings for damages.  They are also unable to explain the exact risks because data on adverse reactions are not being collected properly or at all, and there is evidence showing adverse reaction data are suppressed.

A consequence is that giving MMR vaccine to children cannot be justified on clinical or ethical grounds. And as there is insufficient clinical benefit to children to introduce mass mumps vaccination, it cannot be justified as a general public health measure.

And one consequence of this unnecessary measure is that we are now putting young male adults at risk of orchitis and sterility because they did not catch natural mumps harmlessly when children and because MMR vaccination is not effective in conferring full or lasting immunity across an entire population.

One effect of MMR vaccination has been to push mumps outbreaks into older age groups.  Mumps now circulates in colleges and universities: Mumps and the UK epidemic 2005, R K Gupta, J Best, E MacMahon BMJ  2005;330:1132-1135 (14 May).

1 in 4 males who has achieved puberty and has not achieved immunity to mumps runs the risk of orchitis.  Orchitis (usually unilateral) has been reported as a complication in 20-30% of clinical mumps cases in postpubertal males. Some testicular atrophy occurs in about 35% of cases of mumps orchitis: Mumps – Emedicine. This means one of the male testicles shrivels up.  Affected men can become sterile in one testicle.  This affects one in every nine males who catch mumps after puberty compared with none who catch it before puberty.  It is only because most men have two testicles and only one is affected that total sterility is rare.  Most men would find that little consolation.  Having a shrivelled testicle would carry psychological and practical consequences for any intimate physical relationship in adult life.  The message seems to be it is better for a child to catch mumps naturally before puberty.

 

Rubella Mortality, England and Wales

As with mumps, rubella vaccination again takes the medical profession into the territory of the criminal law and unethical treatment of children. A graph for rubella mortality is not included because death from rubella over the last century was so rare the figures are insufficient to plot a graph of any note.

Aside from a rash the adverse effects of rubella for children are minimal.  Vaccination against rubella is of no clinical benefit to a child particularly when compared to the risks of adverse vaccine reactions. If a pregnant woman catches rubella infection during the first three months of pregnancy and the child survives, this poses a risk to the unborn child of being born with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), involving multiple congenital abnormalities.

Prior to the introduction of rubella vaccine, the number of annual cases in the UK was small, around 50 per annum.  Additionally, 92% of rubella cases deliver normal healthy children: DANISH MEDICAL BULLETIN MARCH 1987 – WAVES Vol. 11 No. 4 p. 21 .This small risk can also be reduced either by making sure all women have caught rubella as children or by vaccinating those who have not prior to puberty.  This minimises the exposure of children to the vaccine and hence to unnecessary risks of adverse vaccine reactions.

In comparison birth defects from any other cause are much higher:

“Birth defects affect about one in every 33 babies born in the United States each year. They are the leading cause of infant deaths, accounting for more than 20% of all infant deaths. Babies born with birth defects have a greater chance of illness and long term disability than babies without birth defects.“: Birth Defects US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention – accessed 11th May 2008

• False Government Rubella Scare Stories – Reply to Professor Louis Z... 6 June 2005
• Rubella Scares – Demonstrating the Figures are False11 August 2005
• False Government Rubella Scare Stories – Only 20,000 Percent Overst... 1 June 2005

 

MORTALITY, LIFE EXPECTANCY, HEALTHCARE COSTS UK, USA AND WORLDWIDE

Does paying for healthcare bring you better health and a longer life?  No.  The following graphs show that in 1996, average life expectancy in the US was 18th of all countries, being 5 years less than Canada and behind the UK.  But Americans were paying per person US$1000 or over 1/3rd more than Canadians and nearly 2/3rds more than the British.  And if you then take a look at the graphs of mortality, what were Americans getting for their money?  Mortality rates were falling anyway, regardless and kept on falling.  Life expectancy increased as time went by, but again substantially due to overall improved living conditions.

 

MORTALITY – USA AND UK

DISEASE MORTALITY UK, USA & AUSTRALIA

 

MEASLES, SCARLET FEVER, WHOOPING COUGH, TYPHOID, DIPHTHERIA, INFLUENZA, PNEUMONIA & TUBERCULOSIS

The following is the same USA graph as just above, but with Influenza and Tuberculosis Deaths included.  And you can see that Influenza deaths were not prevented by a vaccine – because for most of the period covered, there was no vaccine available at all and when it became available, it was not freely available until the present day – when guess what – ‘flu mortality had already plummeted – and guess what else – it does not work particularly well either – in fact so badly it may well be best avoided.

The following is the same graph as above but showing the full curve for influenza and pneumonia mortality.

DIPHTHERIA MORTALITY

England, USA & Australia

Here we see Diphtheria mortality falling all by itself.  In the UK, the vaccine was introduced in 1940, but most children particularly under 5 did not get it  and there was a large catch-up campaign in 1945-6 as previously explained [above].  The under 5 age group are the most at risk from infectious disease.  

[SOURCE: Data – Official Year Books of the Commonwealth of Australia, as reproduced in Greg Beattie’s book “Vaccination A Parent’s Dilemma“ – Downloadable Now]

Diphtheria vaccine was introduced to the UK in 1940.  As already noted, it appears beyond doubt that diptheria vaccine was not responsible for the sudden fall in diphtheria mortality from 1941 to 1946 [see graph].  The records show at least half of all children up to the age of 15 went unvaccinated until 1946-7 ie. after the major fall.  The graph of total infant mortality provides a benchmark showing the continuing steady decline in the rate of infant mortality before and after the introduction of the vaccine.

By the end of 1941:-

“about 36 percent of school age children had been immunised but only about 19 percent of the younger children“: British Journal of Nursing October 1948 p121.

It was not until 1946-7 – after the substantial fall in diphtheria mortality had taken place that a major effort was made to vaccinate the children who had been missed. 969,000 children under 5 were “immunised”:British Journal of Nursing October 1948 p121. With an annual birth rate in the region of 200,000 that represented most of the children born during 1941 to 1946. So diphtheria vaccination could not have been responsible for the fall.

But we can identify what was most likely responsible. We can see the impact of the social health and welfare reforms of 1944, 1947 and 1948.  Free school milk provided, among other nourishment, vitamin A to help children’s immune systems fight disease.  It is vitamin A which the World Health Organisation is keen to provide to third world children now for the same reason.

It can be seen that the benchmark decline in general infant mortality (ie. all causes of infant death) closely follows the decline in diphtheria mortality in the general population.  This again demonstrates that the decline in diphtheria mortality was part of a general trend and had little or nothing to do with the introduction of vaccination.

WHOOPING COUGH (PERTUSSIS) MORTALITY – UK, USA & Australia

Whooping Cough or Pertussis – again, the mortality rates fell substantially well before any vaccines were introduced.  The contribution, if any, to overall health has been negligible. The decline in general infant mortality closely follows the decline in Whooping Cough mortality in the general population.  This again demonstrates that the decline in Whooping Cough mortality was part of a general trend and had little or nothing to do with the introduction of vaccination:-

 

Tetanus Mortality – England & Wales 1901 to 1999

Tetanus Mortality England & Wales 1901 to 1999

This graph demonstrates that the administration of tetanus vaccine is likely to be pointless and puts children especially at risk of adverse reactions to the vaccines.

There is only one respect in which modern medicine could have had an indirect effect.  This came with the social reforms of 1947-48 which saw the introduction of the National Health Service.  Coupled with this was the start of the reduction in numbers of farm workers with the start of increased mechanisation and industrial scale farming in Britain after the 1939-1945 World War.  The numbers of farm labourers fell by half post war and the increase in mechanisation also reduced the chances of the injuries which were likely to result in tetanus

Fewer agricultural workers coupled with better access to healthcare would result in better treatment of wounds.  Tetanus thrives in deep wounds which are not properly cleansed.  So by having fewer agricultural workers and better wound care could reduce the incidence of tetanus cases.  So if the reduction in tetanus mortality in the 1950s is anything other than part of the continuing decline with better standards of living, those two reasons are the most likely explanations.

SMALLPOX MORTALITY-UK, USA & SWEDEN

In the graphs notice the large numbers of deaths caused by the smallpox vaccine itself.  By 1901 in the UK, more people died from the smallpox vaccination than from smallpox itself.   When during 1880-1908 the City of Leicester in England stopped vaccination compared to the rest of the UK and elsewhere, its survival rates soared and smallpox death rates plummetted [see table below].  Leicester’s approach also cost far less.

On any scientific analysis of the history and data, crediting smallpox vaccine for the decline in smallpox appears misplaced. Any vaccine which takes 100 years to “work” did not.  You can read more about how ridiculous and unscientific the claim vaccination vanquished smallpox looks against documented historical fact, here: Small Pox – Big Lie – Bioterrorism Implications of Flawed Theories ... and how vaccination became a political tool to placate the emerging pre Victorian and Victorian middle classes that the literally “great unwashed” disease-ridden working class slum dwellers would not bring the disease to them:  Smallpox Eradication – One of History’s Biggest Lies & How Vacc...

The severity of the disease dimished with improved living standards and was not vanquished by vaccination, as the medical “consensus” view tells us.

 

Extracts from “LEICESTER: Sanitation versus Vaccination” By J.T. Bi...

[Download Entire Book as .pdf 43 Mb  – Or Read Online]

 

TABLE 21

SMALLPOX FATALITY RATES, cases in vaccinated and re-vaccinated populations compared with “unprotected” Leicester – 1860 to 1908.

Name.	Period.	Small-Pox.  Cases	Small-Pox. Deaths.	Fatality-rate per cent. of Cases
Japan	1886-1908	288,779	77,415	26.8
British Army (United Kingdom)	1860-1908	1,355	96	7.1
British Army (India)	1860-1908	2,753	307	11.1
British Army (Colonies)	1860-1908	934	82	8.8
Royal Navy	1860-1908	2,909	234	8.0
Grand Totals and case fatality rate per cent, over all		296,730	78,134	26.3
Leicester (since giving up vaccination)	1880-1908	1,206	61	5.1

Biggs said “In this comparison, I have given the numbers of revaccinated cases, and deaths, and each fatality-rate separately and together, so that they may be compared either way with Leicester. In pro-vaccinist language, may I ask, if the excessive small-pox fatality of Japan, of the British Army, and of the Royal Navy, are not due to vaccination and revaccination, to what are they due? It would afford an interesting psychical study were we able to know to what heights of eloquent glorification Sir George Buchanan would have soared with a corresponding result—but on the opposite side.“

TABLE 29.

Small-Pox Epidemics, Cost, and Fatality Rates Compared

	Vaccinal Condition	Small-Pox Cases	Small-Pox Deaths	Fatality-rate Per Cent	Cost of Epidemic
London 1900-02	Well Vaccinated	9,659	1,594	16.50	£492,000
Glasgow 1900-02	Well Vaccinated	3,417	377	11.03	£ 150,000
Sheffield 1887-88	Well Vaccinated	7,066	688	9.73	£32,257
Leicester 1892-94	Practically Unvaccinated	393	21	5.34	£2,888
Leicester 1902-04	Practically Unvaccinated	731	30	4.10	£1,602

It is certain beyond doubt that diptheria vaccine played no part in thesudden fall in diphtheria mortality from 1941 to 1946 [see graph] .  The records show most children went unvaccinated until after the major fall.

Source

https://childhealthsafety.wordpress.com/graphs/